Early Medieval theories
        Ambrose of Milan (c. 339 - 397)
                “The emperor is within the Church, not above the Church”
        Augustine (354 - 430)
                City of God v. City of the World
        Pope Gelasius (d. 496)
                Two powers in the world

Popes and Emperors
        Decline of imperial influence in the West and the rise of papal power
        Creation of the “Holy Roman Empire”     Europe c.400  c.600  c.800
                Frankish king Pepin
                Charlemagne: First Holy Roman Emperor
                   Charlemagne
                   Coronation of "Scott-le-magne"
                   St. Peter, Pope Leo III, and Charlemagne

Popes vs. Emperors
        Investiture controversy
        Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085), Emperor Henry IV, and papal reform